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And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, her best selling novel and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write.^[2] It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers,^[3] after the minstrel song, which serves as a major plot point.^[4][5]

The US edition was released in January 1940 with the title And Then There Were None, which is taken from the last five words of the song.^[6] All successive American reprints and adaptations use that title, except for the Pocket Books paperbacks published between 1964 and 1986, which appeared under the title Ten Little Indians.^{[citation needed]}

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The book is the world's best-selling mystery, and with over 100 million copies sold is one of the best-selling books of all time. Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best-selling title.^[7]

• 4Current published version of the rhyme
• 5Publication history
• 7Adaptations

Plot summary[edit]

On 8 August in the late 1930s, eight people arrive on a small, isolated island off the Devon coast of England. Each has an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances, such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday. They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers, the butler and cook-housekeeper, who state that their hosts, Mr. Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs. Una Nancy Owen, whom they have not yet met in person, have not arrived, but left instructions, which strikes all the guests as odd.

A framed copy of a nursery rhyme, 'Ten Little Niggers'^[8] (called 'Ten Little Indians' or 'Ten Little Soldiers' in later editions), hangs in every guest's room, and ten figurines sit on the dining room table. After supper, a gramophone (or 'phonograph') record is played; the recording accuses each visitor of having committed murder, and then asks if any of 'the accused' wishes to offer a defence. Anthony Marston and Philip Lombard admit to the charges leveled against them, both instances of irresponsible endangerment resulting in death rather than murder as normally defined.

They discover that none of them actually knows the Owens, and Justice Wargrave concludes that the name 'U.N. Owen' is a play on 'Unknown'. Marston finishes his drink and immediately dies from cyanide poisoning. Dr. Armstrong confirms that there is no cyanide in the drinks Marston was served from, indicating he committed suicide.

The next morning, Mrs. Rogers' corpse is found in her bed; she died in her sleep. The cause is unknown, but some of the guests suspect her husband of poisoning her for fear that she would confess to the crime they are charged with in the recording. By lunchtime, General MacArthur is found dead, from a heavy blow to his head. Three of the figurines are found to be broken, and again the deaths parallel the rhyme.

The guests begin to suspect that U.N. Owen is systematically murdering them. A search for Owen turns up no results. The island is a 'bare rock' with no hiding places, and no one could have arrived or left; thus, they conclude that one of the seven remaining persons is the killer. Wargrave leads the group in determining that so far, none of them can definitively be ruled out as the murderer. The next morning, Rogers is found dead while chopping wood. After breakfast, Emily Brent is found dead in the kitchen, where she had been left alone after complaining of feeling unwell; she had been injected with potassium cyanide via a hypodermic needle.

Wargrave suggests searching all the rooms, and any potentially dangerous items are locked up. Lombard's gun is missing from his room. When Vera goes upstairs to take a bath, she is shocked by the touch and smell of seaweed left hanging from the ceiling of her room and screams; the remaining guests rush upstairs to her room. Wargrave, however, is still downstairs. The others find him seated, immobile and crudely dressed up in the attire of a judge. Wargrave is examined by Armstrong and pronounced dead from a gunshot to the forehead.

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That night, Lombard finds his gun returned to his room. Henry Blore catches a glimpse of someone leaving the house but loses the trail. Only Armstrong is absent from his room. Vera, Blore, and Lombard decide to stay together at all times. In the morning, they signal SOS to the mainland from outside by using a mirror and sunlight, but receive no reply. Blore returns to the house for food by himself and is killed by a heavy bear-shaped clock statue that is pushed from Vera's window sill, crushing his skull. Since neither of them were near the house when the death occurred, Vera and Lombard conclude that Armstrong is the killer.

Vera and Lombard come upon Armstrong's body washed up on the beach. Each concludes the other must be the killer. Vera suggests moving the doctor's body past the shore as a gesture of respect for the dead, but this is a pretext. While they move the body, she lifts Lombard's gun. When Lombard lunges at her to get it back, she shoots him dead.

She returns to the house in a shaken dreamlike state, relieved to be alive. She finds a noose and chair arranged in her room, and a strong smell of the sea. Pressed by guilt over the crime she is accused of (causing the drowning of a boy in her charge because he held priority over her lover for his inheritance), she hangs herself in accordance with the last verse of the rhyme.

Scotland Yard officials are puzzled at who could have killed the ten. They reconstruct the deaths from Marston to Wargrave with the help of the victims' diaries and a coroner's report, and systematically determine that none of the last four victims (Armstrong, Blore, Lombard, or Claythorne) can be the killer, since there was some form of cleanup following all their deaths except Blore's (for example, the chair on which Vera stood to hang herself had been set back upright), and a suicide by falling clock seems beyond the realm of probability. Isaac Morris, a sleazy lawyer and drug trafficker, purchased the island, arranged the invitations, ordered the production of the gramophone record, and told the inhabitants of nearby Sticklehaven to ignore any signals for help, citing a bet about living on a 'desert island' for a week. However, Morris died of an overdose of barbiturates on the night of 8 August.

A fishing ship picks up a bottle inside its trawling nets; the bottle contains a written confession of the killings, which is then sent to Scotland Yard. In the confession, Justice Wargrave writes that all his life he has had two contradictory impulses: a sadistic love for causing the death of others, and a strong sense of justice. For most of his life, he satisfied both desires through his profession as judge. However, the desire to commit murder with his own hands and his diagnosis with a terminal illness motivated him to orchestrate a mass murder of people who were themselves murderers by his judgment but could not be prosecuted under the law. Before departing for the island, he gave Morris barbiturates to take for his indigestion. He tricked Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would help the group identify the killer. He used the gun and some elastic to ensure his true death matched the account in the guests' diaries. Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery, he acknowledges in the missive a 'pitiful human need' for recognition, hence the confession.

Characters[edit]

The following details of the characters are based on the original novel published in England.

• Anthony James Marston, an amoral and irresponsible young man, killed two young children (John and Lucy Combes) while driving recklessly, for which he felt no real remorse and accepted no personal responsibility, complaining only that his driving licence had been suspended as a result. He was the first island victim.
• Mrs Ethel Rogers, the cook/housekeeper and Thomas Rogers' wife, described as a pale and ghost-like woman who walks in mortal fear. She was dominated by her bullying husband, who coerced her into agreeing to withhold the medicine of a former employer (Miss Jennifer Brady, an elderly spinster) in order that they might collect an inheritance they knew she had left them in her will. Mrs Rogers was the second victim.
• General John Gordon MacArthur, a retired World War I war hero, who sent his late wife's lover (a younger officer, Arthur Richmond) to his death by assigning him to a mission where it was practically guaranteed he would not survive. Leslie MacArthur had mistakenly put the wrong letters in the envelopes on one occasion when she wrote to both men at the same time. The general tells Vera that no one will leave the island alive.
• Thomas Rogers, the butler and Ethel Rogers' husband. He dominated his weak-willed wife, and they killed their former elderly employer by withholding her medicine, causing the woman to die from heart failure, thus inheriting the money she bequeathed them in her will. Despite his wife's death, Rogers was still serving the others.
• Emily Caroline Brent, an elderly, religiously rigid, socially respectable spinster who accepted the vacation on Soldier Island largely due to financial constraints. Years earlier, she had dismissed her teenage maid, Beatrice Taylor, for becoming pregnant out of wedlock. Beatrice, who had already been rejected by her parents for the same reason, drowned herself, which Miss Brent considered an even worse sin. The murderer put a bee into the room, in addition to murder by poison. ('A bumblebee stung one..')
• Dr Edward George Armstrong, a Harley Street doctor, responsible for the death of a patient, Louisa Mary Clees, after he operated on her while drunk many years earlier.
• William Henry Blore, a former police inspector and now a private investigator, was accused of falsifying his testimony in court for a bribe from a dangerous criminal gang, which resulted in an innocent man, James Landor, being convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Landor, who had a wife and young child, died shortly afterwards in prison. Blore arrived under the alias 'Davis' from South Africa, on the island for 'security work.' His true name is revealed on the gramophone recording. He denies the accusation against him from the gramophone recording, but later admits the truth to Lombard.
• Philip Lombard, a soldier of fortune. Literally down to his last square meal when he met Isaac Morris who made the proposition which brought Lombard to the island, he carries a loaded revolver, as Morris had hinted he might wish to do. Lombard is accused of causing the deaths of a number of East African tribesmen, after stealing their food and abandoning them to their deaths. Neither he nor Marston feels any remorse. He is the only one to theorize that U N Owen might be Wargrave, but the others reject this. He and Vera are the only victims not killed by Justice Wargrave.
• Vera Elizabeth Claythorne, a cool, efficient, resourceful young woman who is on leave from her position as a sports mistress at a third-rate girls' school. Her job as a governess was ended by the death of her charge, Cyril Hamilton. Claythorne let the boy drown so his uncle Hugo Hamilton could inherit the family estate and marry her. Hugo rejected her when he somehow realized what she had done.
• Justice Lawrence John Wargrave, a retired judge, known as a 'hanging judge' for liberally awarding the death penalty in murder cases. Wargrave is accused of influencing the jury to hand a guilty verdict to Edward Seton, a man many thought was innocent of his crime of killing an old woman, and sentencing him to death unfairly. As the two policemen discuss at Scotland Yard, new evidence after Seton's execution proved Seton's guilt. Wargrave admits in his postscript that he has a lifelong hidden sadistic urge to kill, but only the guilty. Finding himself terminally ill, he devises and carries out this plot.
• Isaac Morris is a sleazy and unethical lawyer hired by Wargrave to purchase the island (under the name U N Owen), arrange the gramophone recording, and make arrangements on his behalf, including gathering information on the near destitute Philip Lombard, to whom he gave some money to get by and recommended Lombard bring his gun to the island. Morris's is the first death chronologically, as he died before the guests arrived on the island. Morris was responsible for the addiction and suicide of a young woman through his narcotics activities. The victim was the daughter of a friend of Wargrave. A hypochondriac, Morris accepted a lethal cocktail of pills from Wargrave to help treat his largely imagined physical ailments.
• Fred Narracott, the boatman who delivered the guests to the island. After doing so, he does not appear again in the story, although Inspector Maine notes it was Narracott who, sensing something seriously amiss, returned to the island as soon as the weather allowed, before he was scheduled to do so, and found the bodies. Maine speculates that it was the normalcy and ordinariness of the guests that convinced Narracott to do so and ignore his orders to dismiss any signals requesting help.
• Sir Thomas Legge and Inspector Maine, two Scotland Yard detectives who discuss the case in the epilogue. They reason out the events of the case, but are stymied as to which was the murderer until the confession comes to light.

Literary significance and reception[edit]

Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, 'If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders.. There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer', he continued. 'It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly.'^[9]

For The New York Times Book Review (25 February 1940), Isaac Anderson has arrived to the point where 'the voice' accuses the ten 'guests' of their past crimes, which have all resulted in the deaths of humans, and then said, 'When you read what happens after that you will not believe it, but you will keep on reading, and as one incredible event is followed by another even more incredible you will still keep on reading. The whole thing is utterly impossible and utterly fascinating. It is the most baffling mystery that Agatha Christie has ever written, and if any other writer has ever surpassed it for sheer puzzlement the name escapes our memory. We are referring, of course, to mysteries that have logical explanations, as this one has. It is a tall story, to be sure, but it could have happened.'^[10]

Many compared the book to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). For instance, an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said, 'Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie, but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending. With And Then There Were None.. she is at her most ingenious and most surprising.. is, indeed, considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level.'^[11]

Other critics laud the use of plot twists and surprise endings. Maurice Richardson wrote a rhapsodic review in The Observer's issue of 5 November 1939 which began, 'No wonder Agatha Christie's latest has sent her publishers into a vatic trance. We will refrain, however, from any invidious comparisons with Roger Ackroyd and be content with saying that Ten Little Niggers is one of the very best, most genuinely bewildering Christies yet written. We will also have to refrain from reviewing it thoroughly, as it is so full of shocks that even the mildest revelation would spoil some surprise from somebody, and I am sure that you would rather have your entertainment kept fresh than criticism pure.' After stating the set-up of the plot, Richardson concluded, 'Story telling and characterisation are right at the top of Mrs Christie's baleful form. Her plot may be highly artificial, but it is neat, brilliantly cunning, soundly constructed, and free from any of those red-herring false trails which sometimes disfigure her work.'^[3]

Robert Barnard, a recent critic, concurred with the reviews, describing the book as 'Suspenseful and menacing detective-story-cum-thriller. The closed setting with the succession of deaths is here taken to its logical conclusion, and the dangers of ludicrousness and sheer reader-disbelief are skillfully avoided. Probably the best-known Christie, and justifiably among the most popular.'^[12]

The original title of the mystery (Ten Little Niggers) was changed because it was offensive in the United States and some other places. Alison Light, a literary critic and feminist scholar, opined that Christie's original title and the setting on 'Nigger Island' (later changed to 'Indian Island' and 'Soldier Island', variously) were integral to the work. These aspects of the novel, she argued, 'could be relied upon automatically to conjure up a thrilling 'otherness', a place where revelations about the 'dark side' of the English would be appropriate.'^[13] Unlike novels such as Heart of Darkness, 'Christie's location is both more domesticated and privatized, taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery. If her story suggests how easy it is to play upon such fears, it is also a reminder of how intimately tied they are to sources of pleasure and enjoyment.'^[13]

In the 'Binge!' article of Entertainment Weekly Issue #1343-44 (26 December 2014–3 January 2015), the writers picked And Then There Were None as an 'EW favorite' on the list of the 'Nine Great Christie Novels'.^[14]

Current published version of the rhyme[edit]

Ten little Soldier Boys went out to dine;
One choked his little self and then there were nine.
Nine little Soldier Boys sat up very late;
One overslept himself and then there were eight.
Eight little Soldier Boys travelling in Devon;
One said he'd stay there and then there were seven.^[15]
Seven little Soldier Boys chopping up sticks;
One chopped himself in halves and then there were six.
Six little Soldier Boys playing with a hive;
A bumblebee stung one and then there were five.
Five little Soldier Boys going in for law;
One got in Chancery and then there were four.
Four little Soldier Boys going out to sea;
A red herring swallowed one and then there were three.
Three little Soldier Boys walking in the zoo;
A big bear hugged one and then there were two.
Two little Soldier Boys sitting in the sun;
One got frizzled up and then there was one.^[16]
One little Soldier Boy left all alone;
He went out and hanged himself and then there were none.^[17]

19th-century original verses[edit]

This children's rhyme was originally written as songs in the 19th century, one in Britain in 1869^[18] and one in the US in 1868.^[19]

1869 & 1868 verses

Publication history[edit]

This novel has a long and noteworthy history of publication. It is a continuously best selling novel in English and in translation to other languages since its initial publication. From the start, in English, it was published under two different titles, due to different sensitivity to the author's title and counting-rhyme theme in the UK and in the US at first publication.

The title[edit]

The novel was originally published in late 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously, in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers, in book and newspaper serialized formats. The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939. All of the instalments carried an illustration by 'Prescott' with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story. The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions.^[20] The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence.

In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None, in both book and serial formats. Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK, due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture, where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to the contemporaneous culture in the United Kingdom. The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May (Volume 211, Number 47) to 1 July 1939 (Volume 212, Number 1) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh, and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd, Mead and Company for $2.^[4][5][6]

In the original UK novel, and in succeeding publications until 1985, all references to 'Indians' or 'Soldiers' were originally 'Nigger', including the island's name, the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors, and the ten figurines.^[5] (In Chapter 7, Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of 'our black brothers', which is understandable only in the context of the original name). UK editions continued to use the original title until the current definitive title appeared with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback in 1985.^[21]

The word 'nigger' was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century, and therefore the book's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book, as did the 1945 motion picture. Sensitivity to the original title of the novel was remarked by Sadie Stein in 2016, commenting on a BBC mini series with the title And Then There Were None, where she noted that the original title of the novel 'Even in 1939, this title was considered too offensive for American publication.'^[22] In general, 'Christie’s work is not known for its racial sensitivity, and by modern standards her oeuvre is rife with casual Orientalism.' The original title was based on a rhyme from minstrel shows and children's games. Stein quotes Alison Light as to the power of the original name of the island in the novel, Nigger Island, 'to conjure up a thrilling ‘otherness’, a place where revelations about the ‘dark side’ of the English would be appropriate'.^[23] Light goes on to say that 'Christie's location [the island] is both more domesticated and privatised, taking for granted the construction of racial fears woven into psychic life as early as the nursery.'^[23] Speaking of the 'widely known' 1945 movie, Stein added that 'we’re merely faced with fantastic amounts of violence, and a rhyme so macabre and distressing one doesn’t hear it now outside of the Agatha Christie context.'^[22] She felt that the original title of the novel in the UK, seen now, 'that original title, it jars, viscerally.'^[22]

Best selling crime novel[edit]

This is the best selling crime novel of all time, and what makes Agatha Christie the best selling novelist.^[2] It is Christie's best-selling novel, with more than 100 million copies sold; it is also the world's best-selling mystery and one of the best-selling books of all time. Publications International lists the novel as the sixth best-selling title.^[7]

Editions in English[edit]

The book and its adaptations have been released under various new names since the original publication, including Ten Little Indians (1946 play, Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book), Ten Little Soldiers and official title per the Agatha Christie Limited website, And Then There Were None.^[2] UK editions continued to use the work's original title until the 1980s; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback.^[21]

• Christie, Agatha (November 1939). Ten Little Niggers. London: Collins Crime Club. OCLC152375426. Hardback, 256 pp. First edition.
• Christie, Agatha (January 1940). And Then There Were None. New York: Dodd, Mead. OCLC1824276. Hardback, 264 pp. First US edition.
• Christie, Agatha (1944). And Then There Were None. New York: Pocket Books (Pocket number 261). Paperback, 173 pp.
• Christie, Agatha (1947). Ten Little Niggers. London: Pan Books (Pan number 4). Paperback, 190 pp.
• Christie, Agatha (1958). Ten Little Niggers. London: Penguin Books (Penguin number 1256). Paperback, 201 pp.
• Christie, Agatha (1963). And Then There Were None. London: Fontana. OCLC12503435. Paperback, 190 pp. The 1985 reprint was the first UK publication of the novel under the title And Then There Were None.^[21]
• Christie, Agatha (1964). Ten Little Indians. New York: Pocket Books. OCLC29462459. First publication of novel as Ten Little Indians.
• Christie, Agatha (1964). And Then There Were None. New York: Washington Square Press. Paperback, teacher's edition.
• Christie, Agatha (1977). Ten Little Niggers (Greenway ed.). London: Collins Crime Club. ISBN0-00-231835-0. Collected works, Hardback, 252 pp. (Except for reprints of the 1963 Fontana paperback, this was one of the last English-language publications of the novel under the title Ten Little Niggers.)^[24]
• Christie, Agatha (1980). The Mysterious Affair at Styles; Ten Little Niggers; Dumb Witness. Sydney: Lansdowne Press. ISBN0-7018-1453-5. Late use of the original title in an Australian edition.
• Christie, Agatha (1986). Ten Little Indians. New York: Pocket Books. ISBN0-671-55222-8. Last publication of novel under the title Ten Little Indians.

Foreign language editions[edit]

The sensitivity of the original British title varies across nations, depending on their culture and which words are used to describe people by skin colour. In the US, the British title was considered offensive at first publication, and changed to the last line of the rhyme instead of its title. As the estate of Agatha Christie now offers it under one title only in English, And Then There Were None, it is likely that new foreign language editions will match that title in their language.^[2] The original title (Ten Little Niggers) still survives in a few foreign-language versions of the novel, such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета, and was used in other languages for a time, for example in Dutch until the 1994 release of the 18th edition.^{[citation needed]} The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign-language versions, for example in Spanish, Greek, Serbian, Romanian,^[25] French^[26] and Hungarian, as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят (Desyat Negrityat). In 1999, the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik (And Then There Were None) mid-run.^[27]

Possible inspirations[edit]

The 1930 novel The Invisible Host by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning has a plot that strongly matches that of Christie's later novel, including a recorded voice announcing to the guests that their sins will be visited upon them by death. The Invisible Host was adapted as the 1930 BroadwayThe Ninth Guest by Owen Davis,^[28] which itself was adapted as the 1934 film The Ninth Guest. There is no evidence Christie saw either the play (which had a brief run on Broadway) or the film.

The 1933 K.B.S. ProductionsSherlock Holmes film A Study in Scarlet follows a strikingly similar plot;^[29] it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint: 'Six little Indians ..bee stung one and then there were five'. In this case, the rhyme refers to 'Ten Little Fat Boys'. (The film's plot bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle's original story of the same name.) The author of the movie's screenplay, Robert Florey, 'doubted that [Christie] had seen A Study in Scarlet, but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her'.^[30]

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Adaptations[edit]

And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. It is the isolated location where all the players on scene are murdered, never knowing who their murderer is, that is the idea. 'It was an idea which is now the basis for many Hollywood horror films and has become a cliché to modern audiences, but it was Agatha Christie who was the first to do it and so successfully that the story has become her most adapted piece.'^[2] She changed the bleak ending to a more palatable one for theatre audiences when she adapted the novel for the stage in 1943. Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story, such as using Christie's alternative ending from her stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island.

With a plot line so well known, parodies and references to the novel or the play are frequent.

Film[edit]

There have been numerous film adaptations of the novel. Examples include:

• And Then There Were None (1945 film), René Clair's cinema adaptation was a successful US production
• Ten Little Indians (1965 film) is George Pollock's cinema adaptation
• Gumnaam (1965, translation: Unknown or Anonymous) is an Indian suspense thriller film adaptation.
• Five Dolls for an August Moon (1970) is a loose Italian giallo adaptation directed by Mario Bava.^[31]
• Nadu Iravil (1970, translation: In the middle of the night), a Tamil adaptation directed by Sundaram Balachander^[32]
• And Then There Were None (1974 film), the first English-language colour version, directed by Peter Collinson
• Desyat' Negrityat (1987, Десять негритят, Eng: 'Ten Little Negroes') Stanislav Govorukhin's Russian adaptation keeps intact Christie's grim storyline and ending.
• Ten Little Indians, a 1989 American version directed by Alan Birkinshaw
• Aduthathu (2012) is a Tamil adaptation^[33]
• Aatagara (2015) is a Kannada film adaptation^[34]

Radio[edit]

• The BBC broadcast Ten Little Niggers (1947), adapted by Ayton Whitaker, first aired as a Monday Matinee on the BBC Home Service on 27 December 1947 and as Saturday Night Theatre on the BBC Light Programme on 29 December.^[35]
• On 13 November 2010, as part of its Saturday Play series, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 90-minute adaptation written by Joy Wilkinson. The production was directed by Mary Peate and featured, among others, Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave, Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne, Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard, John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong, and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent. In this production, which is extremely faithful to the novel, the rhyme is 'Ten Little Soldier Boys'.^{[citation needed]}

Stage[edit]

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• And Then There Were None (1943 play) is Christie's adaptation of the story for the stage. She and the producers agreed that audiences might not flock to a tale with such a grim ending as the novel, nor would it work well dramatically as there would be no one left to tell the story. Thus, she reworked the ending for Lombard and Vera to be innocent of the crimes of which they were accused, survive, and fall in love with each other. Some of the names were also changed, e.g., General Macarthur became General McKenzie in both the New York and London productions.^[36][37] By 1943, General Douglas MacArthur was playing a prominent role in the Pacific Theatre of World War II, which may explain the change of the character's name.
• Ten little niggers (1944 play), Dundee Repertory Theatre Company was given special permission to restore the original ending of the novel. The company first performed a stage adaptation of the novel in August 1944 under the UK title of the novel, with Agatha Christie credited as the dramatist.^[38] It was the first performance in repertory theatre.^[38] It was staged again in 1965.^[39] There was an article in the Dundee Evening Register in August 1944
• And Then There Were None (2005 play), On 14 October 2005, a new version of the play, written by Kevin Elyot and directed by Steven Pimlott, opened at the Gielgud Theatre in London. For this version, Elyot returned to the original story in the novel, restoring the nihilism of the original.^[40]

Television[edit]

Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television, three of which were British adaptations. The first of these, in 1949, was produced by the BBC.^[41] The second was produced in 1959,^[42] by ITV. Both of those productions aired with Christie's original title. The third and most recent British adaptation aired as And Then There Were None on BBC One in December 2015, as a mini-series produced in cooperation with Acorn Media and Agatha Christie Productions. The 2015 production adhered more closely to the original plot, though there were several differences, and was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the novel.^[43]

On 25 and 26 March 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして誰もいなくなった (Soshite daremo inakunatta), a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei (長坂秀佳) of the original story set in modern times.^[44][45]

Other media[edit]

The novel has been the inspiration for several video games. For the Apple II, Online Systems released Mystery House in 1980. On the PC, The Adventure Company released Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None in 2005, the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels. In February 2008, it was ported to the Wii console. The game adheres closely to the novel in most respects, and uses some of its dialogue verbatim, but makes significant changes to the plot in order to give the player an active role and allow those familiar with the novel to still experience some suspense. The player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. The killer's identity and motives are different, the means of three of the murders were changed (while still corresponding to the rhyme), and it is possible for the player to save two of the victims, with the game branching into four different endings depending on which of the two are saved.^{[citation needed]}

Agatha Christie And Then There Were None Download Game Of Computer

And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009, adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq.

Peká Editorial released a board game based on the book, Diez Negritos ('Ten Little Negroes'), created by Judit Hurtado and Fernando Chavarría, and illustrated by Esperanza Peinado.^[46]

The 2014 live action comedy-crime and murder mystery TV web series, Ten Little Roosters produced by American company Rooster Teeth is largely inspired by And Then There Were None.^[47] It featured an interactive murder mystery component where viewers guess who will die next, and how, in order to win prizes. The premise of the show is nearly identical to the book, but with a lighter, more comedic tone and the plot is structured so that anyone having read And Then There Were None would be unable to apply their knowledge of the book's plot twists.

Timeline of adaptations[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'British Library Item details'. primocat.bl.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
2. ^ ^abcde'And Then There Were None'. Agatha Christie Limited. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
3. ^ ^ab'Review of Ten Little Indian Boys'. The Observer. 5 November 1939. p. 6.
4. ^ ^abPeers, Chris; Spurrier, Ralph; Sturgeon, Jamie (1999). Collins Crime Club: a checklist of the first editions (2nd ed.). London, UK: Dragonby Press. p. 15. ISBN1-871122-13-9.
5. ^ ^abcPendergast, Bruce (2004). Everyman's Guide to the Mysteries of Agatha Christie. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. p. 393. ISBN1-4120-2304-1.
6. ^ ^ab'American Tribute to Agatha Christie: The Classic Years 1940–1944'. J S Marcum. May 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
7. ^ ^abDavies, Helen; Dorfman, Marjorie; Fons, Mary; Hawkins, Deborah; Hintz, Martin; Lundgren, Linnea; Priess, David; Clark Robinson, Julia; Seaburn, Paul; Stevens, Heidi; Theunissen, Steve (14 September 2007). '21 Best-Selling Books of All Time'. Editors of Publications International, Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 April 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2009.
8. ^Christie, Agatha (1964). Ten Little Niggers. London: The Crime Club. pp. 31–32. Original nursery rhyme.
9. ^Ashley, Maurice Percy Ashley (11 November 1939). 'Review: Ten Little Indians'. The Times Literary Supplement. p. 658.
10. ^Anderson, Isaac (25 February 1940). 'Review: Ten Little Indians'. The New York Times Book Review. p. 15.
11. ^'Review: Ten Little Indians'. Toronto Daily Star. 16 March 1940. p. 28.
12. ^Barnard, Robert (1990). A Talent to Deceive – an appreciation of Agatha Christie (Revised ed.). Fontana Books. p. 206. ISBN0-00-637474-3.
13. ^ ^abLight, Alison (1991). Forever England: Femininity, Literature, and Conservatism Between the Wars. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN0-415-01661-4.
14. ^'Binge! Agatha Christie: Nine Great Christie Novels'. Entertainment Weekly (1343–44): 32–33. 26 December 2014.
15. ^Christie, Agatha (1944). And Then There Were None: A Mystery Play in Three Acts. Samuel French. This line is sometimes replaced by One got left behind and then there were seven.
16. ^Note: In some versions the ninth verse reads Two little Soldier boys playing with a gun/One shot the other and then there was One.
17. ^Christie, Agatha (March 2008). And Then There Were None. Harper-Collins. p. 276. ASINB000FC1RCI. ISBN978-0-06-074683-4.
18. ^ ^abTen Little Niggers, song written in 1869 by Frank Green, for music by Mark Mason, for the singer G W 'Pony' Moore. Agatha Christie, for the purposes of her novel, changed the story of the last little boy 'One little nigger boy left all alone / He went out and hanged himself and then there were none'.
19. ^ ^abTen Little Indians, song by Septimus Winner, American lyricist residing in Philadelphia, published in July 1868 in London.
20. ^Holdings at the British Library (Newspapers – Colindale); Shelfmark NPL LON LD3/NPL LON MLD3.
21. ^ ^abc'British National Bibliography for 1985'. British Library. 1986. ISBN0-7123-1035-5. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
22. ^ ^abcStein, Sadie (5 February 2016). 'Mystery'. The Paris Review. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
23. ^ ^abLight, Alison (2013) [1991]. Forever England: Femininity, Literature and Conservatism Between the Wars. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN978-1-135-62984-7.
24. ^Whitaker's Cumulative Book List for 1977. J Whitaker and Sons. 1978. ISBN0-85021-105-0.
25. ^''Zece negri mititei' si 'Crima din Orient Express', azi cu 'Adevarul'' (in Romanian). Adevarul.ro. 6 January 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
26. ^'Dix petits nègres, nouvelle édition: Livres: Agatha Christie' (in French). Amazon.fr. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
27. ^'Agatha Christie: Desať malých černoškov .. a napokon nezostal už nik'. Snd.sk. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
28. ^Davis, Owen. The Ninth Guest: A Mystery Melodrama In Three Acts, Samuel French & Co., 1932
29. ^Taves, Brian (1987). Robert Florey, the French Expressionist. New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. p. 152. ISBN0-8108-1929-5.
30. ^Taves, Brian (1987). Robert Florey, the French Expressionist. New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. p. 153. ISBN0-8108-1929-5.
31. ^ ^abLucas, Tim (2007). Mario Bava: All the Colors of the Dark. Video Watchdog. p. 812. ISBN0-9633756-1-X.
32. ^'Author of incredible reach'. The Hindu. 24 October 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
33. ^'Agatha Christie e il cinema: un amore mai sbocciato del tutto' (in Italian). Comingsoon.it. 12 January 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
34. ^'Aatagara is not a remake'. Bangalore Mirror. 30 August 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
35. ^'Ten Little Niggers'. Radio Times (1263). 26 December 1947.
36. ^'Ten Little Indians at Two New York City playhouses 1944-1945'. The Broadway League, including cast and characters. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
37. ^Christie, Agatha (1993). The Mousetrap and Other Plays. HarperCollins. p. 2. ISBN0-00-224344-X.
38. ^ ^ab'Ten little niggers, stage production at Dundee Repertory Theatre'. Dundee, Scotland: Scottish Theatre Archive - Event Details. August 1944. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
39. ^'Ten little niggers staged at Dundee Repertory Theatre 1944 and 1965'. National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
40. ^'And Then There Were None'. Review. This Is Theatre. 14 October 2005. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
41. ^BBC TV (20 August 1949). 'Ten Little Niggers'. Radio Times (1348). p. 39.
42. ^'Season 4, Episode 20 'Ten Little Niggers''. Play of the Week. ITV. 13 January 1959.
43. ^'And Then There Were None to air on BBC1 on Boxing Day 2015'. Radio Times. 2 December 2015.
44. ^'And Then There Were None in Japan'. Agatha Christie. Agatha Christie Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
45. ^'そして誰もいなくなった' [And Then There Were None]. TV Asahi (in Japanese). TV Ashi. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
46. ^'Peká Editorial website'. Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
47. ^Staff, Wrap PRO (5 November 2014). 'Rooster Teeth Premieres Interactive Murder Mystery Web Series'. WrapPRO. Retrieved 13 May 2019.

External links[edit]

By Bret Ziesmer

The story of Agatha Christie's And Then There Were None is a great one. It tells the tale of 10 strangers brought to an island for a dinner party only to discover that they've been lured there under more mysterious motives by a character only known as U. N. Owen. Each of the characters is accused of murder (direct or indirect) by their host, and when people start dying, the real fun begins as characters begin scrambling for answers. One by one, characters are picked off to coincide with the child's rhyme 'Ten Little Sailor Boys,' also known as 'Ten Little Indians' which I can only assume has been changed for PC (politically correct, not personal computer) reasons, and players will have to join in the soire, solving puzzles and watching the mystery unfold along the way. Developer AWE Games have done a decent job creating an interesting adventure set around the happenings of Shipwreck Island though it's far from perfect.
The main issue with this game is in the presentation of what is a fantastic written story. The original attempt at remaking the movie had similar challenges as the story in its entirety isn't exactly Hollywood friendly given it's macabre conclusion. Instead, they wrapped it up with a smaller happier bow and blew the entire allure of the criminal mind behind the whole thing. This game does a bit of the same thing, even going so far as to fool with the murderer so that people who have read the book or watched any of the movie versions will still have some suspense about them. While I don't want to get into much detail, the ending is unfortunate, convoluted, and provides no believable motivation for killing these ten individuals. I should mention that there are actually four separate endings depending on a few decisions made towards the end, all with basically the same outcome as the murderer is always the same. Thankfully after beating the game, players have the opportunity to solve one last puzzle to see the original book ending to the story, which as I mentioned early
The challenges up against the developers in creating a suspenseful and unique game based off of a well-loved piece of fiction were considerable. In that respect, I have to commend them on their effort. They did a pretty decent job here even with the ending throwing the package off. The confines are fairly rigid in a project like this. Certain people have to die in a certain order and there are only a certain number of characters. The book only saw 10 people on the island during the course of events. But having players take the part of one of the 10 would simply throw everything for a loop. The only answer was the bring in an 11th outside character that was attached and disconnected to the story all at the same time. So they concocted the sad turn of events for boatman Patrick Narracott (Fred was the one from the book, this is his brother for plot reasons) to get stuck on the island and get involved in uncovering the murderer. It's a pretty clever way to add in a player character actually. He's always on the outside of the group for various reasons even though he's stuck right in the middle of the mess.
Unfortunately, the way the story unfolds precludes any real detective work, which is what I was really hoping for in this game. While there are some side-quest detective bits, they were mostly for entertainment value then finding any real clues. The story will simply play itself out as Narracott explores the island and fumbles his way around as an amateur sleuth. There are various moments where Narracott questions each of the different suspects, but this is mainly for advancing the story points and not for any real chance of solving the mystery before it happens.
So Narracott is always a step behind, but even with the inevitability of murder happening during the story, he manages to uncover some mystery and solve some various puzzles in order to try and escape the island. Most of it is manufactured either well or poorly. For instance, a goat blocking a path doesn't seem like it would really provide a horrible obstacle in real life. I figure I'd probably walk around it instead running back and forth to find a solution to the problem. On a happy note, some of the puzzles really are enjoyable and take at least a little bit of thinking to get through. There were even a couple that stumped me for a little bit before I realized the relationship between a couple of items or between something I had read before and . Unfortunately, on the other end of things, some puzzles can be a bit obtuse, especially when they involve some small object dropped in the world that blends in with the ground texture.
Visually, the game is decent enough to avoid gagging, but environments are largely static, character models are less than impressive (for their structure and animations) and any of these things put up next to better adventure titles would be lost in the shadow. The house itself is much better than the outdoor areas. Static environs in a house are pretty understandable, but when the wind is blowing and rain is falling, you expect a little more reaction from the foliage outside. The days of static backgrounds in adventure games should really come to an end. It doesn't help that there the resolution can't be adjusted either.
One thing I really appreciated with the game was the sound. While the effects were bland and music was actually pretty good, the voice acting was very good for most of the characters. Wargrave and Ms. Brent in particular were pretty awesome. They fit the story and were just over-acted enough to put a smile on your face.